The following has been adapted from original text by Mark L. Tasker in Seabird Populations of Britain and Ireland (with permission from A&C Black, London).
Northern fulmars are one of the commonest seabirds in northern Britain and are present year-round, with no pronounced migration after becoming adult. They usually nest on wide ledges near the top of cliffs, but will also nest on more gently sloping land, under boulders and in puffin burrows on islands free from mammalian predators. They feed at sea on a variety of foods ranging from zooplankton and small fish to offal and discards produced by commercial fishing. Consequently, they are ubiquitous companions of fishing vessels in northern waters.
An increase in food discarded by commercial fishing has been suggested as a contributing factor to the spectacular growth in numbers and distribution of northern fulmars in Britain and Ireland and the North Atlantic. Prior to the mid-18th century, they bred in only one or two colonies in Iceland and in St Kilda (Western Isles). They then expanded their breeding range around the coast of Iceland and onto the Faeroe Islands and in 1878, formed a second British colony on Foula (Shetland). Subsequently, they have spread around Britain and Ireland and NW Europe and across the Atlantic to Canada. Throughout most of the 20th century numbers rapidly increased but during the last 15 years of the century this rise ceased with declines recorded in some areas.The environmental change which is most likely to have affected northern fulmars since the 1970s has come from a decline in the North Sea whitefish industry and a corresponding decline in the amount of offal discharged from its fleets – a trend which is likely to continue. Declines in the abundance of natural prey such as sandeels in the North Sea and of certain species of zooplankton in the North Atlantic, are also likely to have had a detrimental effect on the population. Climate change is likely to have contributed to these declines. Large numbers of northern fulmars may also still be caught and killed accidentally by the long-lining fleets in the Norwegian Sea and in the North Atlantic.
Conservation status
Northern fulmar is currently identified as a conservation priority in the following:
- Amber listed in Birds of Conservation Concern 4 (2015 update)
- further information on Conservation Designations for UK Taxa)
- Amber listed in Birds of Conservation Concern in Ireland 2020–2026
- EC Birds Directive – migratory species
International importance
UK Population |
% Biogeographic Population |
% World Population |
501,600 AOS* |
14.8 (ssp. glacialis) |
8.0 |
*AOS = Apparently Occupied Sites
The UK population figure (rounded to the nearest hundred) was derived from data in Mitchell, P.I., Newton, S.F., Ratcliffe, N. and Dunn, T.E. (eds.) 2004. Seabird Populations of Britain and Ireland. Poyser, London. This was also the source of figures for the Biogeographic and World populations.
UK population estimates and change 1969–2002 (census data)
There was almost total survey coverage during Seabird 2000 with only a few gaps, notably Sula Sgeir (Western Isles). This was an improvement on both previous censuses, especially on Operation Seafarer (1969-70) when some large sections of coastline were covered rapidly or late in the breeding season.
|
Operation Seafarer (1969-70) |
Seabird Colony Register (1985-88) |
Seabird 2000 (1998–2002) |
UK Population estimate (AOS*) |
291,294 |
516,939 |
501,609 |
% change since previous census |
n/a |
+77 |
-3 |
*AOS = Apparently Occupied Sites
For census results for individual countries and Ireland, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man see under relevant sections below.
Distribution/abundance
The Seabird 2000 census provides the most comprehensive recent assessment of the distribution and abundance of breeding seabirds. Numbers of Northern fulmar found in different regions, and a map showing the location and size of colonies, is provided in the Seabird 2000 Northern fulmar results page.
The locations sampled during the annual Seabird Monitoring Programme provide some information on distribution and are accessible via the Seabird Monitoring Programme online database.
Annual abundance and productivity by geographical area
With reference to the regional accounts below please note the following:
Breeding abundance: graphs of abundance index with 95% confidence limits are only shown for a region where the trend produced has been deemed accurate (see methods of analysis). Where a trend was thought to be inaccurate, graphs of abundance at major colonies in a region may be shown instead, particularly if such colonies hold greater than 10% of the regional population, are monitored frequently and may thus help illustrate regional population fluctuations outwith national censuses. Occasionally, too few data have been collected regionally to produce either of these.
Productivity: graphs of estimated reproductive success (hereinafter referred to as productivity) are only shown if data analysis produced a significant result for regional and/or year effects (again see methods of analysis). If results were not significant, then a regional mean productivity value is given. However, on some occasions, too few data are available from which to provide a meaningful average.
Note: for clarity, the Figure 1 'Overview of all regions' breeding abundance graph does not include confidence limits. These can be found in the respective regional accounts below.
Overview of all regions
Breeding abundance
Figure 1. Trends in abundance index of northern fulmar 1986–2019 for the UK (red), Scotland (blue), England (black) and Wales (orange). Further details, including 95% confidence limits, can be found in the individual country sections below. Based on SMP data; view the methods of analysis.
There has been considerable regional variation in northern fulmar abundance trends since monitoring began in 1986 (Figure 1). Populations in Scotland have declined rapidly over this period, contrasting with Wales where the trend has fluctuated more widely and the decline has been less severe. In England, northern fulmars have only twice been recorded above the baseline (in 1995 and 1997) and have since decreased. More detailed information can be found in the individual country sections below.
An insufficient number of northern fulmar colonies are monitored in Northern Ireland, Republic of Ireland, Isle of Man and Channel Islands, to allow the production of valid annual abundance trends.
Productivity
Figure 2. Trends in breeding productivity (no. of chicks fledged per pair) of northern
fulmar 1986–2019 for the UK (red), Scotland (blue), England (black), Wales (orange) and Isle of Man (purple; 1986–2014). Further details can be found in the sections below. Based on SMP data; view the methods of analysis.
There has been considerable regional variation in northern fulmar productivity trends since monitoring began in 1986 (Figure 2). A large proportion of the nests monitored for productivity are based in Scotland and as such, the UK and Scottish trends are closely matched. Productivity values in England and Wales between 1986 and 2006 were often higher than Scotland, although, since then, have been more similar. Productivity on the Isle of Man has been low throughout the monitoring period. An insufficient number of northern fulmar colonies are monitored in Northern Ireland, Republic of Ireland and the Channel Islands to allow the production of valid productivity trends.
United Kingdom
Breeding abundance
Figure 3. Trend in UK abundance index (solid line) of northern fulmar 1986–2019 with 95% confidence limits (dotted lines). Based on SMP data; view the methods of analysis.
Census results indicate a large increase between 1969-70 (291,000 pairs) and 1985-88 (517,000 pairs), with numbers then stable up to 1998–2002. Data collected by the SMP suggest the abundance of fulmars breeding in the UK reached a peak in 1996 (Figure 3) but has been declining since then, although there was some fluctuation around the turn of the century and more recently in 2016. The index for 2019 (37% below the baseline) is the lowest value recorded since the index began in 1986.
The causes of long-term increase in the UK northern fulmar population is the subject of debate; some suggest an increase in food supplied by man1 – formerly by waste from whaling fleets and later offal from trawling – while others suggest oceanographic changes2, or even a genetic change in the population3. Indeed, recent declines in the abundance index may in part be due to declines in offal from trawlers, representing a 're-adjustment' to more natural levels following a period of artificially elevated population size.
From 2015 to 2019, the obligation that all catches of regulated commercial species had to be landed and counted against quota was phased in across the majority of EU fisheries. Following departure from the EU, the UK gained competency to manage fishing activities in its waters. This is regulated by the UK Fisheries Act 2020 which includes a 'Discard prevention charging scheme', although this has not yet been implemented. Reductions in discards are likely to have impacted seabird species that feed on them. Species native to the north-east Atlantic that exploit fishery discards are black-legged kittiwake, herring gull, lesser black-backed gull, great black-backed gull, great skua, northern fulmar and northern gannet4.
Northern fulmars are also caught accidentally by long-line and coastal gillnet fisheries in NE Atlantic waters. At least ten seabird species were recorded as bycatch by observers on UK-flagged fishing vessels in UK and immediately surrounding waters5. Northern fulmar was the species estimated to experience most bycatch, with an estimated capture of 2,200–9,100 birds annually (mostly in northern offshore longlines). A Population Viability Analysis showed that with the removal of all bycatch mortality, the UK fulmar population could theoretically increase between 2.1– 17.1% over a 25-year period6. The uncertainties in these figures are considerable due to small sample sizes, and increased monitoring of bycatch will be required to refine them.
Reductions in sandeel abundance and changes to plankton communities7,8,9, probably caused by increases in sea surface temperature, may also be contributing to recent fulmar declines.
Table 1 below shows how numbers have changed at some of the most important UK colonies, within the Special Protection Area (SPA) network, since the Seabird 2000 census. Numbers have fallen in all areas, although the greatest declines appear to be at colonies in the north and west of the UK.
Table 1. Recent counts of the number of northern fulmar Apparently Occupied Sites at UK and Republic of Ireland SPAs compared to those recorded during the Seabird 2000 census. The percentage each colony has changed by, and the per annum change, are also provided. Note: data for Hermaness and North Rona relate to only part of their respective SPAs.
Area |
SPA Name |
Seabird 2000 |
Count (Year) |
Change (%) |
% per annum |
Shetland |
Hermaness NNR |
13,958 1999 |
12,228 2016 |
-12 |
-0.8 |
Shetland |
Noss |
4,999 1998 |
5,092 2016 |
+2 |
+0.1 |
Shetland |
Foula |
21,106 2000 |
8,438 2015 |
-60 |
-5.9 |
Shetland |
Fair Isle |
20,424 2000 |
32,061 2016 |
+57 |
+2.7 |
Orkney |
West Westray Cliffs |
4,027 1999 |
677 2007 |
-83 |
-20.0 |
Orkney |
Copinsay |
2,054 1999 |
1,685 2015 |
-18 |
-1.2 |
Orkney |
Hoy |
31,596 1999 |
19,586 2007 |
-38 |
-3.9 |
East Coast |
Troup, Pennan and Lion's Heads |
2,900 2001 |
1,828 2017 |
-37 |
-2.8 |
East Coast |
Buchan Ness to Collieston Coast |
1,976 2001 |
826 2019 |
-58 |
-4.7 |
East Coast |
Fowlsheugh |
352 1999 |
157 2018 |
-55 |
-4.2 |
East Coast |
Flamborough Head and Bempton Cliffs |
1,360 2000 |
846 2017 |
-38 |
-2.8 |
Minches |
North Rona |
3,520 1998 |
1,438 2012 |
-59 |
-6.2 |
Minches |
Handa |
3,550 2000 |
1,423 2017 |
-60 |
-5.2 |
Minches |
Mingulay and Berneray |
10,020 1998 |
8,614 2014 |
-14 |
-0.9 |
Minches |
Rathlin Island |
2,032 1999 |
1,518 2011 |
-25 |
-1.5 |
North West |
Flannan Isles |
8,143 1998 |
2,263 2013 |
-72 |
-8.2 |
North West |
Hirta, Dun, Soay & Stacs |
63,283 1999 |
27,552 2015 |
-56 |
-5.1 |
Irish Sea |
Lambay Island |
585 1999 |
375 2015 |
-36 |
-2.7 |
Productivity
Figure 4. Trend in UK breeding productivity (no. of chicks fledged per pair) of northern fulmar 1986–2019. Based on SMP data; view the methods of analysis.
Declines in northern fulmar productivity between 1996 and 2004 may have contributed to the population decline shown in Figure 3. Since 2006 the index has fluctuated but has started to climb again, albeit very slowly. In 2019, the number of chicks fledged per pair was 0.39.
Scotland
Population estimates and change 1969–2002 (census data)
|
Operation Seafarer (1969-70) |
Seabird Colony Register (1985-88) |
Seabird 2000 (1998–2002) |
Population estimate (AOS*) |
285,067 |
504,640 |
485,852 |
% change since previous census |
n/a |
+77 |
-4 |
*AOS = Apparently Occupied Sites
Breeding abundance
Figure 5. Trend in abundance index (solid line) of northern fulmar in Scotland, 1986–2019 with 95% confidence limits (dotted lines; drawing of upper limit restricted to preserve detail in the abundance index). Based on SMP data; view the methods of analysis.
Scotland holds the majority of the UK northern fulmar population (approximately 97% during the Seabird 2000 census) so it is unsurprising that the trend shown above closely matches the UK trend, with the key feature being the protracted shallow decline evident since the mid-1990s. Longer-term census results indicate a large increase between 1969-70 and 1985-88, although numbers had declined by the time of the Seabird 2000 census (1998–2002). The probable causes of their population increase then decrease, and current pressures affecting the Scottish population, are the same as those referred to in the UK section. The index in 2019 was 42% below the baseline, its lowest point since monitoring began.
Productivity
Figure 6. Trend in breeding productivity (no. of chicks fledged per pair) of northern fulmar in Scotland, 1986–2019. Based on SMP data; view the methods of analysis.
The trend in productivity for Scotland closely matches that of the UK because much of the data have been collected at Scottish colonies. Comments under the UK section are also pertinent to Scotland. Declines in productivity since the mid-1990s may have contributed to the observed fall in abundance since that time, although it should be noted that immature birds take approximately nine years to recruit into the breeding population. Since 2009 the index has fluctuated, although has started to climb again, albeit very slowly. Heavy rain at several colonies is likely to have contributed to the decline in productivity observed in Scotland in 2015. Between 2016 and 2019, the number of chicks fledged per pair decreased from 0.47 to 0.39.
England
Population estimates and change 1969–2002 (census data)
|
Operation Seafarer (1969-70) |
Seabird Colony Register (1985-88) |
Seabird 2000 (1998–2002) |
Population estimate (AOS*) |
3,063 |
6,018 |
6,291 |
% change since previous census |
n/a |
+96 |
+5 |
*AOS = Apparently Occupied Sites
Breeding abundance
Figure 7. Trend in abundance index (solid line) of northern fulmar in England, 1986–2019 with 95% confidence limits (dotted lines). Based on SMP data; view the methods of analysis.
In England, northern fulmar numbers almost doubled between the first two national censuses but appeared to stabilise afterward. Their distribution in England is roughly split between the north-east and south-west (see Distribution section). However, most regular monitoring occurs in the north-east where several colonies have been counted annually up to 2019. Between the years 2000 and 2010, the index fluctuated with no discernible trend but then declined sharply to 45% below the baseline in 2014. Since then, the index has risen and was 25% below the baseline in 2019.
Productivity
Figure 8. Trend in breeding productivity (no. of chicks fledged per pair) of northern fulmar in England, 1986–2019. Based on SMP data; view the methods of analysis.
The productivity of northern fulmars in England shows no clear trend over the monitoring period. Productivity is generally moderate to high and seldom falls below 0.40 chicks fledged per pair. In 2019, productivity was 0.45 chicks fledged per pair, matching the 1986–2019 average.
Wales
Population estimates and change 1969–2002 (census data)
|
Operation Seafarer (1969-70) |
Seabird Colony Register (1985-88) |
Seabird 2000 (1998–2002) |
Population estimate (AOS*) |
925 |
2,741 |
3,474 |
% change since previous census |
n/a |
+196 |
+27 |
*AOS = Apparently Occupied Sites
Breeding abundance
Figure 9. Trend in abundance index (solid line) of northern fulmar in Wales, 1986–2019 with 95% confidence limits (dotted lines; drawing of upper limit restricted to preserve detail in the abundance index). Based on SMP data; view the methods of analysis.
The abundance index of northern fulmars in Wales shows an increasing trend at least up to the mid-1990s (Figure 9). The steady decline in abundance evident for the UK and Scotland starting around the mid- to late-1990s is absent, with the index being relatively stable until 2005. However, a noticeable decline then occurred until 2009, after which abundance has stabilised. The long-term change shows that numbers increased markedly after Operation Seafarer, with the population during 1998–2002 almost four times that recorded in 1969-70.
Productivity
Figure 10. Trend in breeding productivity (no. of chicks fledged per pair) of northern fulmar in Wales, 1986–2019. Based on SMP data; view the methods of analysis.
Although few data are available until 1992, productivity in Wales has on average been higher than in Scotland and England. However, there has been an overall decline across the monitoring period, with productivity reaching its lowest value recorded (0.24 chicks fledged per pair) in 2019. The reasons for this decline are unknown.
Northern Ireland
Population estimates and change 1969–2002 (census data)
|
Operation Seafarer (1969-70) |
Seabird Colony Register (1985-88) |
Seabird 2000 (1998–2002) |
Population estimate (AOS*) |
2,239 |
3,540 |
5,992 |
% change since previous census |
n/a |
+58 |
+69 |
*AOS = Apparently Occupied Sites
Breeding abundance
The Seabird 2000 census recorded 5,992 AOS in Northern Ireland, 69% more than the previous SCR census which found 3,540 AOS. Few colonies are monitored annually, so it is difficult to draw conclusions as to the population trend since Seabird 2000. However, in 2018, extensive survey work resulted in data submitted from 25 colonies which held a total of 624 AOS, 61% fewer than recorded at the same colonies during Seabird 2000 (1,615 AOS). Rathlin Island, not part of the suite of colonies surveyed in 2018, is the largest and most important colony in Northern Ireland, holding almost 60% of the country’s total population during Seabird 2000. A large decline occurred there between 1999 and 2007 with whole-colony counts revealing a 47% fall from 2,032 to 1,072 AOS, although a repeat survey in 2011 found 1,518 AOS, but still 25% fewer than in 1999. The reasons for these large changes at Rathlin are unknown but it is possible, given the subsequent increase between 2007 and 2011, that numbers in 2007 were unusually low due to other reasons (e.g. a non-breeding event). Obviously, numbers in Northern Ireland are falling but estimating the size of the decline accurately is problematic given the lack of more recent data from Rathlin. In 2019, 27 sites were counted holding 623 AON, 62% less than during Seabird 2000.
Productivity
Data submitted to the SMP on the productivity of northern fulmars in Northern Ireland are sparse; thus, no meaningful average productivity value can be provided.
Republic of Ireland
Population estimates and change 1969–2018 (census data)
|
Operation Seafarer (1969-70) |
Seabird Colony Register (1985-88) |
Seabird 2000 (1998–2002) |
Republic of Ireland Census (2015-18) |
Population estimate (AOS*) |
17,080 |
16,975 |
32,918 |
32,899 |
% change since previous census |
n/a |
n/a |
n/a |
0 |
*AOS = Apparently Occupied Sites
Breeding abundance
National census data indicate that numbers of northern fulmar were stable between Operation Seafarer and the Seabird Colony Register but then almost doubled by Seabird 2000. The recent Republic of Ireland seabird census (2015–2018) recorded a total of 32,899 pairs, almost equal to the 32,918 AOS counted during Seabird 200010.
Productivity
Northern fulmar productivity in the Republic of Ireland is falling but estimating the trend of the decline accurately is problematic given the lack of more recent data. On average, 0.36 chicks were fledged per pair per year between 2006 and 2015.
All Ireland
Population estimates and change 1969–2002 (census data)
|
Operation Seafarer (1969-70) |
Seabird Colony Register (1985-88) |
Seabird 2000 (1998–2002) |
Population estimate (AOS*) |
19,319 |
20,515 |
38,910 |
% change since previous census |
n/a |
+6 |
+90 |
*AOS = Apparently Occupied Sites
Breeding abundance
For the whole of Ireland, northern fulmar numbers were relatively stable between Operation Seafarer and the Seabird Colony Register but then almost doubled by Seabird 2000. The recent Republic of Ireland seabird census (2015–2018) recorded a total of 32,899 pairs, almost equal to that counted during Seabird 2000 (32,918 AOS)10. However, it is difficult to draw conclusions as to the population trend since Seabird 2000 in Northern Ireland. Rathlin Island, which held almost 60% of the country’s total population during Seabird 2000 has not been surveyed since 2011, when it hosted 25% fewer AOS than in 1999. Based on 25 sample sites being counted in 2018, numbers in Northern Ireland might be falling, but estimating the size of the decline accurately is problematic given the lack of more recent data from Rathlin. The Republic of Ireland held the majority of the all-Ireland population of northern fulmars (about 85% during Seabird 2000) therefore suggesting that northern fulmar numbers might be stable or slightly decreasing across Ireland.
Productivity
Data submitted to the SMP on the productivity of northern fulmars in all-Ireland are sparse; thus, no meaningful average productivity value can be provided.
Isle of Man
Population estimates and change 1969–2018 (census data)
|
Operation Seafarer (1969-70) |
Seabird Colony Register (1985-88) |
Seabird 2000 (1998–2002) |
Isle of Man Census (2017-18) |
Population estimate (AON/AOS*) |
586 |
2,463 |
3,147 |
1,095 |
% change since previous census |
n/a |
+320 |
+28 |
-65 |
*AON/AOS = Apparently Occupied Nests / Apparently Occupied Sites
Breeding abundance
Figure 11. Abundance of northern fulmar on the Calf of Man, 1986–2019.
In common with other regions, the northern fulmar population on the Isle of Man increased considerably after Operation Seafarer. An increase of 320% occurred between 1969-70 and 1985-88 with another less dramatic increase of 28% between 1985-88 and 1998–2002. After Seabird 2000, data are available only from a few small colonies. However, the trend derived from the colonies sampled between census periods does not match the change in the Isle of Man population that is known to have occurred (e.g. from census data).
The largest colony counted regularly is the Calf of Man, where numbers have fluctuated in the late 1990s and between 2010 and 2012. Since then, there appears to have been a decline with numbers in 2014 and 2015 (both 50 AOS) at their lowest since 198611. In 2019, a very slight increase to 54 AOS occurred.
Productivity
Figure 12. Trend in breeding productivity (no. of chicks fledged per pair) of northern fulmar on the Isle of Man, 1986–2014. Based on SMP data; view the methods of analysis.
Northern fulmar productivity on the Isle of Man has fluctuated greatly over the recording period. However, within this variation there does appear to be a declining trend in productivity since the mid-1990s at least. Productivity was very low in 1995, 2003, 2006, 2008 and from 2012 to 2014. In 1995, an unknown proportion of chicks died from heat stress during a hot and dry summer, and in 2012 low productivity was probably due to high rainfall during June and July. The reasons for low productivity in other years are unknown. No productivity data on northern fulmar have been submitted to the SMP since 2014.
Channel Islands
Population estimates and change 1969–2016 (census data)
|
Operation Seafarer (1969-70) |
Seabird Colony Register (1984-85) |
Seabird 2000 (1998–2002) |
Channel Islands Census (2015-16) |
Population estimate (AOS*) |
0 |
200 |
317 |
330 |
% change since previous census |
n/a |
n/a |
+59 |
+4 |
*AOS = Apparently Occupied Sites
Breeding abundance
During Operation Seafarer, no northern fulmars were recorded on the Channel Islands despite extensive survey coverage. The first recorded breeding was in 1975, on Jersey and Alderney, with Guernsey colonised in 1985 and Sark in 1986. By the time of the Seabird Colony Register, at least 200 pairs were breeding. Seabird 2000 recorded a further increase, of 59%, with 317 AOS counted. In 2015, a Channel Island Seabird Census was carried out which recorded 330 AOS, an increase of +4% compared to Seabird 200012.
Productivity
Data submitted to the SMP on the productivity of northern fulmars in the Channel Islands are sparse; thus, no meaningful average productivity value can be given.
UK phenology, diet, survival rates
No data have been collected as part of the Seabird Monitoring Programme.
References
1 Fisher, J. 1952. The Northern Fulmar. Collins, London.
2 Salomonsen, F. 1965. Geographic variation of the Northern Fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis) and zones of the marine environment in the North Atlantic. Auk, 85, 327–355.
3 Wynne-Edwards, V.C. 1962. Animal dispersion in relation to social behaviour. Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh.
4 Bicknell, A.W.J., Oro, D., Camphuysen, J.C. and Votier, S.C. 2013. Potential consequences of discard reform for seabird communities. Journal of Applied Ecology, 50, 649–658.
5 Northridge, S., Kingston, A., and Coram, A. 2020. Preliminary estimates of seabird bycatch by UK vessels in UK and adjacent waters. Final Report to JNCC – Revised October 2020. Scottish Ocean Institute, University of St Andrews.
6 Miles, J., Parsons, M. and O’Brien, S. 2020. Preliminary assessment of seabird population response to potential bycatch mitigation in the UK registered fishing fleet. Report prepared for the Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs (Project Code ME6024).
7 Beaugrand, G., 2004. The North Sea regime shift: evidence, causes, mechanisms and consequences. Progress in Oceanography, 60(2), 245–262.
8 Kirby, R.R. and Beaugrand, G. 2009. Trophic amplification of climate warming. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 276, 4,095–4,103.
9 MacDonald, A., Heath, M. R., Edwards, M., Furness, R. W., Pinnegar, J. K., Wanless, S., Speirs, D.C. and Greenstreet, S.P.R. 2015. Climate driven trophic cascades affecting seabirds around the British Isles. Oceanography and Marine Biology. An Annual Review, 53, 55–80.
10 Cummins, S., Lauder, C., Lauder, A. and Tierney, T. D. 2019. The Status of Ireland’s Breeding Seabirds: Birds Directive Article 12 Reporting 2013–2018. Irish Wildlife Manuals, 114. National Parks and Wildlife Service, Department of Culture, Heritage and the Gaeltacht, Ireland.
11 Hill, R.W., Morris, N. G., Bowman, and K. A., Wright, D. 2019. The Isle of Man Seabird Census: Report on the census of breeding seabirds in the Isle of Man 2017-18. Manx BirdLife. Laxey, Isle of Man.
12 Veron, M. and Veron, C. 2016. Seabird Count 2015; monitoring the status of Guernsey’s Seabirds. La Société Transactions, Channel Islands.
Partners
Data have been provided to the SMP by the generous contributions of its partners, other organisations and volunteers throughout Britain and Ireland. Partners to the SMP are: BirdWatch Ireland; The British Trust for Ornithology; Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs (Northern Ireland); Department of Environment, Food and Agriculture (Isle of Man); Department of the Environment, Climate and Communications (Republic of Ireland); JNCC; Manx Birdlife; Manx National Heritage; The National Trust; National Trust for Scotland; Natural England; Natural Resources Wales; NatureScot; The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds; Scottish Wildlife Trust; Seabird Group; Shetland Oil Terminal Environmental Advisory Group; States of Guernsey Government; UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology. More about the SMP partners >>
Northern fulmar image appears courtesy of Ian Rendall ©, is subject to international copyright law and may not be reproduced in any form whatsoever.
Categories:
Published: .